Customer due diligence (CDD) is a structured procedure through which financial institutions identify, verify, and understand their customers to manage risks related to anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-financing of terrorism (CFT), while ensuring compliance with regulations. AML compliance forms a vital part of CDD, assisting institutions in preventing financial crimes and avoiding regulatory sanctions. This process supports global Know Your Customer (KYC) frameworks and is mandated by standards such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 40 Recommendations (updated 2012) and, within the European Union, by the 4th to 6th Anti-Money Laundering Directives. CDD also plays a fundamental role within broader financial crime compliance systems. The significance of CDD and related automation tools lies in their capacity to prevent financial crimes, uphold compliance, and enhance operational efficiency, particularly as regulatory demands evolve and data complexity grows.
InvestGlass offers an integrated Swiss sovereign CRM and automation platform tailored for financial institutions, combining compliance workflows with digital onboarding. The platform supports regulated organisations by streamlining sales, compliance, and customer engagement processes. This guide provides a practical, step-by-step overview aimed at compliance, risk, and operations teams in regulated sectors. Diligence is vital in CDD to meet regulatory standards, prevent fraud, and manage risk effectively. InvestGlass can be hosted in Switzerland or deployed on-premise, enabling organisations to retain control over sensitive financial data while fulfilling regulatory obligations. Whether onboarding new clients in 2026 or managing ongoing relationships, the principles and workflows outlined here will help establish a robust CDD process that complies with regulations and supports business growth.
顧客デューデリジェンス（CDD）とは？
Customer due diligence (CDD) is the systematic process of collecting, verifying, and evaluating information about individuals or legal entities to ascertain their identity, understand their business activities, and assess their potential financial crime risk, with particular focus on identity verification as a key step. Confirming the customer’s identity is crucial for compliance with AML and KYC regulations. CDD assists financial institutions in identifying and mitigating risks such as money laundering and terrorist financing by verifying identities and evaluating risk profiles. This diligence is essential for regulatory compliance, fraud prevention, and safeguarding the organisation’s reputation by ensuring adherence to legal requirements and preventing financial crime.
CDD、KYC、AML/CFTの関係
The connection between CDD, KYC, and AML/CFT forms the foundation of financial crime compliance:
- AML (Anti-Money Laundering): Laws and procedures aimed at stopping criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income.
- CFT (Counter-Financing of Terrorism): Measures designed to detect and prevent the use of financial systems to fund terrorism.
- KYC (Know Your Customer): The overarching framework that includes CDD and ongoing client management to ensure institutions know and monitor their customers.
- CDD (Customer Due Diligence): The focused process within KYC dedicated to identifying, verifying, and assessing customer risk.
In practice, AML/CFT regulations require financial institutions to implement KYC programmes, operationalised through thorough CDD processes. Thus, CDD is the operational heart of KYC, both critical for AML/CFT compliance.
期間 | 定義 |
|---|---|
CDD | The targeted process of identifying, verifying, and assessing customer risk |
KYC | CDDと継続的なリレーションシップ・マネジメントを包含する広範な枠組み |
エーエムエル | Anti-money laundering regulations mandating CDD requirements |
CFT | Counter-terrorist financing rules requiring identification of terrorism financing risks |
Key regulatory references include the FATF 40 Recommendations and the US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) CDD Rule (effective May 11, 2018), which mandates four core elements of due diligence. |
典型的なCDDプロセス要素
The customer due diligence process generally involves:
- Collecting identity data (name, date of birth, nationality, address)
- Gathering beneficial ownership information
- Understanding source of funds and wealth
- Anticipating account activity and transaction patterns
- Considering geographic and sector exposures
- Assessing the customer’s risk profile based on gathered information
CDD applies to individuals, corporations, trusts, foundations, and other entities, with the depth of scrutiny varying according to the customer’s risk profile. In Switzerland, diligence requirements are governed by the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) and FINMA ordinances, which stress risk-based controls and detailed documentation. A comprehensive diligence approach includes both identity verification and risk profiling to ensure compliance and effective risk management.
金融機関にとって顧客デューデリジェンスが重要な理由
Between 2015 and 2024, global AML fines surpassed $20 billion. The Danske Bank scandal alone resulted in $2 billion in penalties linked to insufficient CDD on $230 billion of suspicious transactions via its Estonian branch. Credit Suisse was fined $475 million by FINMA in 2022 for repeated AML failures, contributing to its collapse in 2023. Neglecting to assess risks during customer due diligence can lead to severe regulatory penalties and reputational harm for financial institutions.
効果的なCDDによって防止される金融犯罪
Effective customer due diligence helps prevent financial crimes such as:
- Money laundering (estimated at $800 billion to $2 trillion annually by the United Nations)
- テロ資金調達
- 制裁逃れ
- 不正と汚職
- 脱税
規制の利害関係
The consequences of non-compliance extend beyond fines:
リスクカテゴリー | 潜在的な影響 |
|---|---|
行政 | 年間売上高の 10% を上限とする罰金（EU AMLDs）、改善命令 |
犯罪者 | 6AMLDに基づく上級管理職の個人責任 |
オペレーション | 免許制限、コルレス銀行関係の喪失 |
評判 | Client loss, rating downgrades, increased media scrutiny |
Following the Danske Bank case, Nordic banks lost 20-30% of high-risk relationships as counterparties de-risked exposure to institutions with weak controls. |
強固なCDDの戦略的メリット
Beyond avoiding fines, strong CDD provides strategic advantages:
- Deeper client insights and needs understanding
- Improved customer segmentation and cross-selling (15-20% revenue increase per McKinsey)
- Better risk-based pricing
- Stronger client relationships built on transparency
InvestGlass reduces compliance risk through standardised workflows and reputational risk via transparent audit trails documenting CDD at every stage.
Transition: Recognising CDD’s significance leads to exploring the various due diligence types financial institutions must implement. The following section outlines these types and their practical applications.
顧客デューデリジェンスの主な種類
Financial institutions apply three primary due diligence categories worldwide, as outlined by FATF and EU AML directives. The chosen CDD type depends on the customer’s risk profile and business relationship.
CDDタイプの概要
CDDタイプ | 説明 | 適用時 |
|---|---|---|
スタンダードCDD | Baseline checks for low to medium risk customers | 素直なプロフィールの顧客が多い |
デューデリジェンスの強化（EDD） | In-depth scrutiny for high-risk cases (e.g., PEPs, high-risk jurisdictions) | High-risk clients or complex structures |
簡易デューデリジェンス／継続デューデリジェンス | Reduced measures for negligible risk or continuous monitoring | 低リスクまたは継続的な関係 |
During onboarding, institutions evaluate each customer’s risk to ensure compliance and effective risk management. | ||
Customers are classified based on factors such as: |
- PEP status (politically exposed persons with elevated corruption risk)
- Presence on FATF grey/black lists or exposure to high-risk jurisdictions
- 複雑な企業構造
- Unusual transaction patterns or adverse media reports
The depth and frequency of checks, documentation, and approvals increase with risk level. InvestGlass supports configuring different workflows and data requirements based on CDD type and risk category.
標準的な顧客デューデリジェンス
Standard CDD serves as the default level for most customers who are not high risk, for example, residents in low-risk countries with straightforward employment or business activities.
個人のためのコア・エレメント
- パスポートまたは国民IDによる身分証明書
- Verification using independent, reliable sources
- Basic understanding of the relationship’s purpose and expected activity
- Ongoing monitoring to ensure activities align with risk profile and detect any changes signalling increased risk or illicit conduct
Core Elements for Legal Entities
- 法人名、登録番号、登録住所
- Directors and shareholders holding above thresholds (typically 25% beneficial ownership under FinCEN and EU rules)
- Entity’s purpose and expected activities
Standard CDD should be consistently documented using checklists and forms, ideally digitised within the CRM to minimise errors and omissions.
デューデリジェンスの強化（EDD）
Enhanced due diligence applies more rigorous scrutiny to high-risk customers such as:
- Politically exposed persons (PEPs) and their associates
- 高リスク国（EU高リスク第三国リスト、FATFグレーリスト）の顧客
- High-risk sectors like casinos, virtual assets, correspondent banking
- Complex ownership structures, offshore trusts, and layered holding companies
Additional EDD Measures
- Detailed documentation of source of funds and wealth
- Corroborating evidence such as audited accounts, contracts, inheritance papers
- 広範な有害媒体スクリーニング
- Senior management or compliance approval
- More frequent reviews (annual or quarterly)
InvestGlass can automate EDD triggers based on risk scoring, for example, escalating cases when a PEP or sanctioned country is detected, routing workflows accordingly.
継続的デューデリジェンスとイベント・ドリブン・デューデリジェンス
CDD is an ongoing process. Continuous monitoring of transactions, behaviour, and external data occurs throughout the customer lifecycle.
Ongoing CDD enables institutions to adapt to changes that may alter a customer’s risk profile, thereby mitigating risks over time.
継続的デューデリジェンス
- Monitoring transactions against expected patterns
- 最新の制裁措置、PEP、有害メディアリストに対する再スクリーニング
- リスク格付けに基づく定期的な見直し
Event-Driven Reviews Triggered By
- Sudden transaction volume increases (20-50% deviations)
- Change of residence to higher-risk jurisdictions
- Changes in corporate leadership
- 複雑な新規契約のオンボーディング
Within InvestGlass, ongoing CDD is supported by scheduled review tasks, automated alerts for unusual activity, and refreshed customer screening.
Transition: Having reviewed CDD types, the next section examines the core components and practical steps for establishing a compliant and effective CDD process.
顧客デューディリジェンス・プロセスの中核要素
The typical CDD lifecycle includes:
- 顧客の識別
- 検証
- リスク評価
- Determination of CDD level
- オンボーディングの決定
- 継続的なモニタリングとレビュー
This section offers a practical guide for compliance and operations teams to adapt into internal procedures and checklists. InvestGlass enables mapping these elements into configurable, automated workflows with audit trails.
顧客の識別
個人向け、コレクション
- 正式名称
- 生年月日と出生地
- 国籍
- 住所
- 納税者番号
- 連絡先
- 職業および雇用主
法人については、収集する：
- 登録名および登録番号
- 設立日および登録事務所
- 法的形態と目的
- 役員一覧
- Controlling shareholders and beneficial owners
For private banks and wealth managers, capturing relationship context is vital, including mandate types, family office structures, and related trusts or foundations.
InvestGlass digital onboarding forms can be customised per segment (retail, HNWIs, corporate, public sector) and support multiple languages.
顧客確認
Identity data must be verified using reliable, independent sources before establishing the relationship, as required by AML regulations such as EU 5AMLD, Swiss AMLA, and UK MLR 2017.
個人の検証方法
- Checking biometric passports or national IDs
- Conducting liveness checks via video ID
- 信頼できるデータベースまたは公共料金請求書による住所の検証
企業向け検証方法
- 公的企業登記簿（スイス商業登記簿、英国企業会館、EU企業登記簿）
- 認証された会社設立書類
InvestGlass integrates with third-party e-ID, sanctions, and registry providers via API to streamline identity verification and reduce manual review.
実質的所有権および支配権
Regulators increasingly focus on beneficial ownership transparency, driven by the FinCEN CDD Rule (2018) and EU beneficial ownership register mandates.
Institutions must identify natural persons owning or controlling legal entities above thresholds, typically 25%, with lower thresholds for higher-risk cases.
複雑な構造への挑戦
- 複数の所有権層
- 指名株主
- Trusts and foundations in jurisdictions with limited records
Surveys indicate 30-40% failure rates in tracing multi-layer ultimate beneficial owners (UBOs).
InvestGlass data models capture complex ownership and control structures, maintaining structured records for audits and regulator requests.
リスクプロファイル評価
The aim is to assign a risk rating (low, medium, high) based on multiple factors. Risk assessment helps determine scrutiny levels and identify red flags to prevent illicit activities.
リスク要因 | 例 |
|---|---|
顧客タイプ | PEPの地位、企業の複雑性 |
地理 | 高リスク国、制裁エクスポージャー |
製品紹介 | クロスボーダー決済、仮想資産 |
行動 | Transaction patterns vs peer benchmarks |
外部データ | 制裁の打撃、不利なメディア |
Quantitative scores and qualitative judgments combine into a risk scorecard. InvestGlass supports configurable scoring models, automatic risk ratings, and overrides with documented rationale. |
適切なCDDレベルの決定
Risk ratings guide diligence measures:
リスク評価 | CDDレベル | ドキュメンテーション | 承認 |
|---|---|---|---|
低い | 簡易版 | 基本的な身分証明書、住所証明 | 自動化 |
ミディアム | スタンダード | ドキュメント一式 | Relationship Manager sign-off |
高い | 強化された | EDDパッケージ、富の源泉 | Senior or compliance approval |
Clear policies and decision rules enhance consistency and speed onboarding. InvestGlass workflows apply branching rules with mandatory fields and checks per risk category. |
継続的モニタリングと定期的レビュー
Continuous monitoring involves tracking transactions, behaviour, and profile changes to detect suspicious patterns.
Review Frequencies
- Low risk: every 3-5 years
- 中リスク：2～3年ごと
- High risk: annually or more often
Re-screening against updated sanctions, PEP, and adverse media lists is crucial after geopolitical events or list updates from authorities such as OFAC (US), EU, or SECO (Switzerland).
InvestGlass schedules review tasks, alerts relationship managers when data is outdated, and logs all review activities for regulatory evidence.
エスカレーションと疑わしい活動の報告
When suspicious activity is detected, institutions follow escalation processes that may lead to Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) or Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs) filed with Financial Intelligence Units like MROS (Switzerland) or FinCEN (US).
Escalation Process
- Front-line staff or monitoring tools flag concerns
- Compliance team reviews cases
- Decision to report suspicious transactions or terminate relationships
Comprehensive CDD documentation, including risk scores and decisions, supports these processes and regulator inquiries. InvestGlass stores case files, documents, and logs decisions, integrating with case management or reporting tools as needed.
Transition: Having outlined core CDD elements, the next section reviews regulatory frameworks shaping these requirements globally and regionally.
規制フレームワークとグローバルCDD要件
This section summarises key regulations guiding CDD requirements for banks and regulated firms internationally.
While terminology varies, most regimes expect:
- 顧客の識別と確認
- Beneficial ownership understanding
- Risk-based application of measures
- Continuous relationship monitoring
Cross-border institutions often harmonise group-wide standards. InvestGlass supports multiple regulatory rulesets and documentation standards per jurisdiction, which is increasingly important as AI reshapes areas such as central banking and monetary policy governance.
FATF勧告と国際基準
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) issues global AML/CFT standards via its 40 Recommendations, covering CDD, PEPs, and beneficial ownership transparency.
FATF mutual evaluations influence national implementations and supervisory scrutiny. Switzerland’s 2016 “largely compliant” rating led to improvements by 2022.
FATF endorses a risk-based approach, permitting simplified measures for low-risk customers and EDD for higher-risk ones. Aligning policies with FATF aids cross-border operations and regulator engagement.
欧州連合AML指令
The EU has strengthened CDD through directives:
指令 | 年 | Key Enhancements |
|---|---|---|
4AMLD | 2015 | 実質的所有権登録簿、リスクベース・アプローチ |
5AMLD | 2018 | PEPの定義の拡大、仮想資産、EDDの厳格化 |
6AMLD | 2020 | Senior management criminal liability |
The EU AML Package and upcoming AML Authority will further harmonise obligations. | ||
InvestGlass accommodates jurisdiction-specific fields and supports cross-border consistency. |
米国FinCEN顧客デューデリジェンス規則
Effective May 11, 2018, FinCEN’s CDD Rule requires covered institutions to:
- 顧客の特定と確認
- Identify and verify beneficial owners (25% threshold)
- Understand relationship nature and purpose
- Conduct ongoing monitoring and suspicious activity reporting
This rule complements the 2020 AML Act and 2024-25 Corporate Transparency Act introducing a federal beneficial ownership database.
InvestGlass aligns onboarding workflows with these elements and captures required ownership data for US branches.
スイスAMLAとFINMAの期待
Swiss AML laws require:
- Identification of contracting parties and beneficial owners
- Clarification of economic background for higher-risk cases
- 文書品質と関係理解を重視
- リスクベースの監督、特にプライベート・バンキングとウェルス・マネジメントの監督
Swiss data protection and banking secrecy laws necessitate strict confidentiality and data sovereignty. InvestGlass is a Swiss sovereign solution with Swiss-hosted or on-premise deployments, supporting compliance and privacy.
Transition: Regulatory frameworks establish standards, but sector-specific practices vary. The next section examines CDD application in different financial sectors.
顧客デューデリジェンスの実際銀行、ウェルス・マネージャー、保険会社
While CDD principles are consistent, application varies by business model, client complexity, and transaction volume.
リテールおよび商業銀行
High-volume onboarding for accounts, loans, and SME banking requires efficient digital CDD to avoid delays.
注力分野
- Standardised identity checks with automated sanctions and PEP screening
- Risk scoring based on products and geography
- Feedback loops from transaction monitoring to update risk assessments
InvestGlass enables pre-filled forms, data reuse across products, and straight-through processing for low-risk clients.
プライベート・バンクとウェルス・マネージャー
High-net-worth clients often have complex structures including trusts and family offices, with 20-30% linked to PEPs, which increases the need for specialised CRM for private banks to centralise KYC, portfolio and relationship data.
課題
- Intensive EDD for cross-border clients
- Complex portfolios and bespoke products
- Balancing client experience with regulatory demands
InvestGlass integrates CRM, AIによるポートフォリオ管理, and CDD, allowing relationship managers to access risk profiles, KYC documents, and investment data seamlessly.
Insurance, Asset Management and Other Sectors
Life insurers, asset managers, advisers, and real estate firms also face CDD obligations aligned with AML and LCB-FT regulations.
Sector Considerations
- Life policies as potential money laundering channels
- ノミニー・アレンジメントによる投資ファンド
- Property transactions requiring buyer and beneficial owner identification
InvestGlass customises forms and workflows for sector-specific data alongside standard CDD, from wealth management to specialised CRM for dental practices that must also respect data protection and identification rules.
Transition: As CDD complexity grows, technology and automation become critical. The next section explores how RegTech solutions like InvestGlass enhance CDD.
手作業から自動CDDへ：テクノロジーとRegTechの役割
Manual, paper-based CDD processes incur high costs and delays. Research shows manual onboarding averages $500 per client and 40-day cycles. Automation can reduce onboarding to under 5 minutes for simple cases.
マニュアルCDDの課題
Manual processes increase:
- Onboarding time and client dropouts
- Operational expenses
- Error rates and compliance risks
- Difficulty managing complex clients
InvestGlass is a Swiss RegTech and WealthTech platform designed for regulated sectors.
デジタル・オンボーディングとe-KYC
Digital onboarding enables customers to complete forms, upload documents, and perform automated KYC verification checks remotely.
メリット
- Dynamic forms adapting to customer type, country, and risk
- Faster onboarding with fewer drop-offs
- データ品質の向上
- Direct integration with CRM and portfolio systems
InvestGlass supports white-label portals and digital onboarding for compliant, branded experiences.
スクリーニングと有害メディアモニタリング
Automated tools continuously screen customers against:
- 制裁リスト（OFAC、EU、国連、SECO）
- PEP registers
- Negative news sources
Legacy systems generate many false positives (up to 95%). AI-enhanced matching reduces false positives by 60-70%.
InvestGlass integrates with leading screening providers, enabling alert disposition within one system and maintaining audit trails.
ワークフローの自動化とケース管理
Configurable workflows handle:
- ドキュメントの要求と収集
- 承認とエスカレーション
- リスク・スコアリング
- Periodic reviews and remediation
Rules engines route high-risk cases to compliance, request additional documents when needed, and block account opening until compliance is met.
InvestGlass offers workflow automation, task management, and case tracking connecting front office, compliance, and back office, and similar automation can streamline CDD-relevant processes in specialised CRM for therapists. Dashboards monitor process efficiency and risk distribution.
ウェルス・マネジメントにおけるAI支援CDD
AI supports human judgment by:
- Classifying documents and extracting data with high accuracy
- Summarising adverse media
- Highlighting inconsistencies
- Detecting unusual portfolio changes
InvestGlass includes AI modules for portfolio management with human oversight and full audit trails.
Transition: Technology enables effective CDD, but strong policies and governance remain essential. The next section outlines building a robust CDD framework with InvestGlass.
InvestGlassによる堅牢なCDDフレームワークの設計
A solid CDD framework combines policies, processes, technology, and people aligned with risk appetite and regulations. Frameworks should be reviewed annually or after regulatory changes.
リスクアペタイトとCDDポリシーの定義
Senior management must define acceptable risk levels, including:
- High-risk countries and sectors
- Complex products
Policies should specify when to apply simplified, standard, or enhanced CDD, and when to decline or exit relationships.
InvestGlass embeds these rules in workflows for automatic policy adherence.
手順とチェックリストの標準化
Detailed procedures and checklists ensure consistency across teams:
- Information request templates
- Risk assessment forms
- EDD documentation standards
Standardisation facilitates training, quality reviews, and regulatory demonstration. InvestGlass delivers these as digital forms and task lists, reducing reliance on paper.
トレーニング、文化、ガバナンス
Regular staff training covers CDD obligations, red flags, and system use, with annual refreshers.
A culture encouraging escalation without fear is vital. Governance follows the three lines model:
ライン | 責任 |
|---|---|
ファースト（ビジネス） | CDDの実施、リスクの特定 |
セカンド（コンプライアンス） | 監督、助言、監視 |
3番目（内部監査） | 第三者保証 |
InvestGlass reporting supports oversight across lines. |
データの質、プライバシー、スイスのデータ主権
Accurate, current data is crucial for CDD and compliance.
Data protection laws like EU GDPR and Swiss nFADP require:
- 目的制限
- データの最小化
- Restrictions on cross-border transfers
Swiss data sovereignty is critical for institutions preferring to keep data within Switzerland, making a Swiss financial services CRM platform particularly relevant for banks, insurers, and public entities.
InvestGlass offers Swiss-hosted and on-premise deployments, enabling compliance with data location requirements.
CDDのコストと複雑さの軽減
Growing workloads and regulatory demands strain budgets; CDD can consume 5-10% of compliance costs.
Automation and process redesign reduce costs and improve quality.
Streamlining Onboarding and Reviews
Centralising data avoids duplication:
- Reusing verified data across products and reviews
- Automated reminders for document expiry
- Faster onboarding and fewer client interactions
InvestGlass consolidates CRM, onboarding, KYC, portfolio, and client portal functions, reducing fragmentation.
偽陽性の低減
Poorly tuned screening causes excessive false alerts.
Strategies include:
- リスクベースの閾値
- Fuzzy matching calibration
- Whitelisting known clients
- 顧客セグメンテーション
InvestGlass integrations and workflows triage alerts, enrich context, and route only relevant cases for review, improving data quality and reducing false positives.
Leveraging Analytics
Analytics inform process improvements and training:
- SLA adherence
- Missing data rates
- EDD escalation reasons
- Risk trends by segment and geography
InvestGlass dashboards provide visibility into CDD metrics and case details, enabling strategic use of CDD data.
結論インベストガラスによる持続可能なコンプライアンスCDDの構築
Customer due diligence is a continuous, risk-based process requiring strong policies, accurate data, and effective technology. Regulators expect documented policies, consistent execution, and oversight throughout the customer lifecycle.
Weak CDD exposes institutions to fines, reputational harm, and loss of banking relationships. Robust frameworks protect against financial crime and build stronger customer bonds.
InvestGlass offers a Swiss sovereign platform uniting CRM, digital onboarding, KYC/CDD, portfolio management, and marketing automation for banks, wealth managers, insurers, and regulated firms. With Swiss data sovereignty, configurable workflows, and integrated compliance, InvestGlass helps institutions meet obligations while lowering operational costs.
Ready to enhance your CDD operations? Assess your current processes against this guide and explore how automation, improved data management, and Swiss-hosted infrastructure can reduce risk and cost. Request a demo to see how InvestGlass can tailor workflows to your policies and regulatory needs, safeguarding your institution and clients.
主要用語と略語集
- AML (Anti-Money Laundering): Laws and procedures to prevent disguising illicit funds as legitimate.
- CFT (Counter-Financing of Terrorism): Measures to stop terrorist financing via financial systems.
- KYC (Know Your Customer): Processes to verify identity and assess client risk.
- CDD (Customer Due Diligence): Identifying, verifying, and assessing customer risk.
- EDD (Enhanced Due Diligence): Additional scrutiny for high-risk customers.
- PEP (Politically Exposed Person): Individuals with prominent public roles, posing higher corruption risk.
- UBO (Ultimate Beneficial Owner): Natural persons owning or controlling legal entities.
- SAR (Suspicious Activity Report): Reports filed on suspicious activities.
- STR (Suspicious Transaction Report): Reports on suspicious transactions.
- FinCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network): US AML/CFT regulatory agency.
- OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control): US Treasury sanctions enforcement office.
- SECO (State Secretariat for Economic Affairs): Swiss economic policy office managing sanctions.
- FATF (Financial Action Task Force): International AML/CFT standard-setting body.
- AMLA (Anti-Money Laundering Act): Swiss AML legislation.
- MROS（Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland）：スイス金融情報局.
- Three Lines Model: Governance framework dividing responsibilities among business, compliance, and audit.
